Launching Instant Coffee in Indian Market

Introduction Since ages Indians have been more inclined towards tea rather than coffee. As such, marketing coffee in India can be a tough job. But owing to the marketing strategies of companies like Starbucks, a trend of coffee drinking has started picking up, especially among the younger generation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Launching Instant Coffee in Indian Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are certain local companies also that manufacture coffee. But the quality of such brands is not up to the mark and moreover, the target customers of such companies are the middle class customers. Middle class people include the small business people, professionals. Even the canteens in colleges and universities serve these brands of coffee. It should be understood that the market trends differ from country to country. India is a developing country and as such, the people are not accustomed to the tradition s of the Western countries. The existing managerial literature proves that the marketing strategies available for internalization are not basically the same across cultures (Cayla Arnould, 2008). But as studies and surveys show that India is fast catching up with the Western culture, it is expected that the coffee culture will also soon be prevalent among the people. This report analyzes and justifies a marketing plan for the introduction of instant coffee into the Indian market. The paper also outlines the possible drawbacks and the means to overcome them. The following flow chart demonstrates the graphical representation of the marketing plan. Figure 1: Marketing Plan (McDonald Keegan, 2002) In this report, we shall analyse the performance of coffee in the Indian market using SWOT and PESTEL analysing methods.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market Analysis/Audit Exter nal Audit This kind of audit is done on variables that the organization cannot control. One of the most commonly used tool for analysing the market of any product is PESTEL. It means the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal aspects that may affect any business. Figure 1: PESTEL Analysis Economic India is currently the fifth largest economy in purchasing power parity, not mentioning its growing middle class and youth with more disposable income (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Since the target customers are the youth, the probability of success of instant coffee in India is high. Political India is a huge democratic country and the government is engaged in the welfare of its citizens through various economic policies. The infrastructure system of India is becoming better day by day. These factors can be of advantage to any new company that wants to start its operations in India. Technological India is a fast developing country and as such, the modern t echnological inventions are being adopted in all spheres of life. Social-cultural The new company may experience uncertainty avoidance from local consumers due to the predominantly Indian tea-drinking culture. The company may also face a cultural distance between its own marketing strategies and those of its partners in joint ventures (Heerden Barter, 2008). The enormous diversity of India, which is typified by inconsistent policies and social-economic inequalities, may also serve as a hindrance (Johnson Tellis, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Launching Instant Coffee in Indian Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Legal India has stringent policies regarding foreign-owned businesses. There are certain rules to be followed and taxes are imposed on foreign products. Environmental There are many social groups in India that are engaged in the preservation of the environment against pollution. These groups stage protests against companies that are responsible for any kind of pollution. If the new company has to face such protests, it will tarnish its image. It should be the prime concern of the company to adhere to the non-pollution policy. Market trends: â€Å"†¦the market for coffee in India has been growing steadily as consumers are becoming more acceptable towards international and premium brands† (BusinessWire, 2011). Internal Audit This kind of audit is done on variables than can be controlled by the organization Current Market Position The current market position of the company will have a great impact on its venture in India. It is a human tendency or psychology to go after the renowned ones. Target Market Traditional target market for the new company includes the â€Å"affluent, well-educated, white collar customers† between the ages of 25 and 44. As the companies expand internationally, an emergent target market consists of the â€Å"younger, less well-educated customers in a lower income bracket† (Moon Quelch, 2003). SWOT Analysis Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strengths Analysis Coffee is a habit in the Western culture. Since India is a developing country and the people are fast accepting the foreign products, the company can take advantage of the good opportunity for entering the rapidly growing instant coffee market in India. Weaknesses Analysis The company is yet to make inroads into the Indian tea-drinking culture and it is expected that it may meet challenges trying to establish itself (Johnson Tellis, 2008). The company may suffer great financial losses if the U.S. retail stores under perform because of harsh economic conditions or intense competition. Opportunities Analysis The company can enter into brand-franchising agreements with other partners in emerging markets to boost its sales, reputation and competitiveness (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Threats Analysis a) Highly competitive market The main competitors of the company in India are Cafe Coffee Day and Barista. b) Socio-political Groups There are certain social and political gr oups that are opposed to foreign products. Even though the number of such groups is limited, they can create unnecessary nuisance. Assumptions Assumptions are critical in any marketing plan as they function to standardize the planning environment (McDonald Keegan, 2002). This plan assumes that instant coffee will achieve a market segment of 10 percent before December 2012 as the company engages more partners and franchises in the Indian market. Price competition for the instant coffee market in India will force price levels down by 15% across the board. Marketing Objectives Strategies Marketing Objectives The marketing objective of the company should be to create a rare coffee experience that will make customers in India to visit established outlets for the coffee, stay for the striking environment, and return for the connection. It should be the policy of the company to build an image and reputation separate from competitors aimed at creating brand loyalty. Marketing Strategies V enkatesh notes that â€Å"†¦market segmentation is a strategy in which a large heterogeneous market is broken down into small homogenous segments and a separate marketing program is developed for each segment† (Venkatesh, 2011). The market segment selected for instant coffee is the high-end consumer segment and the strategy used will be price discrimination. Estimation of Expected Results It is expected that the introduction of instant coffee into the Indian market will assist the company to rapidly expand its retail operations and increase growth in its speciality sales and other operations. It is also expected that customers will achieve higher satisfaction levels. Identification of Alternative Plans and Mixes Alternative Plan Based on initial sales of instant coffee, the company may decide to introduce a new instant coffee product to target the middle class. Sheth observes that â€Å"the new middle class, especially in large population markets in China and India, is creating large-scale first-time buyers of everything† (Sheth, 2011). Marketing Mix for Instant Coffee a) Product The product – instant coffee – falls under the category of convenience products since it can be purchased from selected retail outlets and supermarkets. It lacks the signature bitterness and darker-roast temperament of brewed coffee, thus is seen as an excellent choice to compete in traditional tea-drinking cultures such as India (Business Pundit, n.d.). b) Price Instant coffee will be marketed to the higher-end consumer bracket, thus will be retailed at a premium price. The company wishes to use the high price tag to demonstrate the high value of the product and its commitment to adequately satisfy customer needs and demands. Chan et al are of the opinion that an effective price discrimination strategy communicates the unique value of a particular product to the customers (Chan et al, 2010). c) Place The place where a product first premiered and the d istribution networks that exist to ensure the product is adequately restocked are critical success factors for any internalization exercise (Chandrasekaran Tellis, 2008). Instant coffee is set to premier in the cities of Mumbai and New Delhi due to their affluent upper class and high population rates. Promotion Promotional activities are critical in exposing the product to the local audience and in targeting marketing communications with the view to elicit positive responses from the targeted audience (Narayan Manchanda, 2009). The company’s promotional activities will revolve around the word of mouth. Budget Marketing and other related activities are costly and, as such, organizations intending to launch new products into global markets must prepare adequately if they are to succeed in their endeavours. The company should allocate a fixed budget for the launch and promotional activities in India. First Year Implementation Programme The company will embark on partnering w ith local enterprises that share in the values and commitments of the company. The product will be initially introduced into two of such partnerships in Mumbai and New Delhi to evaluate uptake before comprehensive roll-out strategy into other major cities across India is kicked off in 2012. Although TV commercials will be aired in mainstream channels to introduce the new product, the main promotional strategy will be through word of mouth. A Market research survey will be done in September 2012 to assess customer attitudes and market share. Conclusion Studies demonstrate that most organizations target to enter international markets not only to exploit their existing competitive advantages but also to sustain and develop their strategic positioning. Other factors, such as profits and growth targets, international market opportunities, economies of scale, intense competition in traditional markets, saturated existing market and proximity to global consumers, may also account. With the introduction of instant coffee into the mainstream Indian market, the company will not only be aiming to enhance its competitiveness but also its strategic positioning. It may take some time but if the company adheres to all the parameters mentioned in this paper, success is sure to be achieved. References Cayla, J. Arnould, E.J. (2008). A Cultural Approach to Branding in the Global Marketplace. Journal of International Marketing, 16(4), 86-112. Chandrasekaran, D. Tellis, G.J. (2008). Global Takeoff of New Product: Culture, Wealth, or Vanishing Difference? Marketing Science, 27(5), 844-860. Heerden, V. Barter, C. (2008). The Role of Culture in the Determination of a Standardized or Localized Marketing Strategy. South African Journal of Business Management, 39(2), 37-44. Johnson, J. Tellis, G.J. (2008). Drivers of Success for Market Entry into China and India. Journal of Marketing, 72(3), 1-13. McDonald, M. Keegan, W.J. (2002) Marketing Plans that Work. 2nd ed. Woburn, MA: Butt erworth-Heinemann. Moon, Y. Quelch, J. (2003). Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service. Harvard Business School. Narayan, S. Manchanda, P. (2009). Heterogeneous Learning and the Targeting of Marketing Communication for New Products. Marketing Science, 28(3), 424-441. Sheth, J.N. (2011). Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing: Rethinking Existing Perspectives and Practices. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 166-182. This essay on Launching Instant Coffee in Indian Market was written and submitted by user Tomas Thompson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dimmesdale as Tragic Hero essays

Dimmesdale as Tragic Hero essays One may ask how The Scarlet Letter would fit the structure of a classical tragedy. The answer to this question is quite simple if you know how to identify a tragedy. A tragedy is a story that depicts serious incidents in which protagonists undergo a change from happiness to suffering, and often involves the death of others as well as the main characters. In The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale follows this structure perfectly. He is happy in the beginning, and then declines into suffering and finally, death. Many people believe that despite his less than noble actions, Dimmesdale can be considered the tragic hero. In order for us to give him that identity, we must investigate how Dimmesdale fits the characteristics of a tragic hero. In my opinion, if Dimmesdale is the hero, he must be in a high social state, have a tragic flaw, and fall to his ultimate fate. Being the minister of the town qualifies Dimmesdale as a person of high social status. He is loved by many people for giving his intelligent and persuasive sermons. Almost every hero that has ever existed had this quality of high social status. If you look back into time, Beowulf, Superman, King Arthur: these heroes were all looked up to by many. In order for heroes to earn their names, they must have people that believe in them. In The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale had many people believing in him. His people believed in him so much that when Dimmesdale confessed to having sinned with Hester Prynne, they could not even picture him going against all that he has taught them. From committing the sin in the first place, Dimmesdale consequently became a more emotional and powerful minister, and his congregation had no idea that it was because of his shame. Dimmesdale had the townspeople on his side throughout the entire story until his confession and death. Dimmesdale had preached so str ongly about sinning that his own followers could not forgive him, and they plac ...

Using Quotes About Yourself

Using Quotes About Yourself When you sign up on a social networking or blogging site, you find a corner that is usually titled: About Me. In this space, you are expected to introduce yourself to the world: who you are and how you define yourself. While usually, you have no problem rambling on about yourself, you somehow feel disconcerted when you have to pen a few words to describe yourself. What do you write? How do you put it in eloquent words? And are you really being honest or simply spinning a yarn? When the two words – About Me – stare at your face, you get unexpectedly paralyzed. Suddenly, we face the inability to summarize a lifetime of dreams and desires in the scant space provided for the benefit of curious friends and other Internet surfers. How Do You Describe Yourself? So how should you put your best foot forward? Should you brag or be modest? Should you be witty or straight-laced? If you want to make a strong impression on your readers, start off with a smart quote about you. You will get lots of ideas from this collection of quotes about yourself. Quotes for Your Profile Each one of us gets lost in the chaos that we call life. And with adequate doses of inspiration, we manage to rediscover ourselves. Not everyone is blessed with the power of words. Hence, it is only natural to seek help. You may not have read the works of Mark Twain or Rudyard Kipling or Robert Frost, but their intelligent quotes can give your profile page a smart makeover. Choose Your Profile Statement From Witty and Wise Authors Standup comedian George Carlin said, The reason I talk to myself is that Im the only one whose answers I accept. If you like Carlins sense of humor, take a look at my collection of George Carlin quotations. However, if philosophy is your thing, consider quotes from Confucius, the famous Chinese philosopher. His words find resonance, even though it has been millennia since he walked the earth. Among the many evergreen Confucius sayings, is one that remains meaningful despite its brevity, And remember, no matter where you go, there you are. Strangely enough, it sounds a lot like something Dr. Seuss might say. Find Your Favorite Quotes Here If you are tired of rifling through page after page of quotations with the hope of finding a suitable one for your online profile page, take a look at this collection of profile quotes. You will find a diverse set of clever quotes from wisdom to humor and inspiration. There are quotes for teens and parents. For instance, if you are a parent of young kids, you might find novelist Henry Fieldings quote hilarious, When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief. Make a Great First Impression Of course, the Internet is not the only place when you may need to talk about yourself. Go job-hunting and you will inevitably have to answer the clichà ©d question that all interviewers love to ask, Tell me about yourself. No matter how seasoned an interviewee you are, this question will take the wind off your sails. Since you have no clue what your interviewer expects to hear, you begin to mumble incoherent adjectives that may seem alien to your own ears. You are doomed if the interviewer latches on to one of those adjectives and asks you to elaborate. Take the Help of Literary Giants You must hit all the right notes in order to make a good first impression. How do you do that? I am reminded of a cheeky Oscar Wilde quote, I am the only person in the world I should like to know thoroughly. Unfortunately, using witticisms will not do you any good. To stay on safer ground, follow William Shakespeares advice, Men should be what they seem. So be original and save the wit for a rainy day. Find Your Unique Selling Proposition (USP) Reticent people often avoid social interaction as far as possible. Without adequate interpersonal skills, shy people are often confounded when asked to describe themselves. Their introversion prevents them from building new relationships. Give yourself a confidence boost by reading these uniqueness quotes. Artist Henri Matisse had his insecurities. He confessed, It has bothered me all my life that I do not paint like everybody else. Yet, Matisses individuality set him apart from his peers. You can also find your unique appeal and celebrate it. Get to Know the Real You Do you know the real you? Are you sure that the person you portray yourself as is the real you? Do you find yourself trapped in a conundrum of duty and role so much that you have forgotten who you really are? How to Rediscover Yourself You dont need to meditate under a tree to find the real you. You also dont need to go backpacking around the Arctic Circle to find the meaning of life. To discover your inherent uniqueness, all you need is a nudge in the right direction. You could get it from a scene in a movie, or a quote from a book. You could even get it while chatting with your friends. Sometimes, meaningful quotes can put you on the path of self-discovery. If you are seeking self-knowledge, quotes on reflection could help you look deep inside your soul. As ancient Chinese monk Hui-Neng rightly said, Look within! The secret is inside you.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflection - Essay Example Over the course of this semester, I have learned several skills, habits, and gained indispensable experiences in writing. In the beginning, my perception of writing was simply putting words on paper, and you are done. I have since learned that writing is not that simple, firstly it is a process, which consists of five stages. The first stage is prewriting, which involves gathering ideas for writing. Ideas are received through, reading, teacher motivation, the audience, voice, developing word banks and many more. Secondly, the rough draft stage follows, which a writing stage where ideas are put on paper. Consequently, the revising stage involves rearranging, modifying, adding, and deleting content and thus making the content appropriate to the audience. In this stage, the rough draft is improved. After the revising stage, follows the editing stage where the writer corrects grammatical errors and improves style and clarity. The final stage is going through the work to confirm everything is good and then submitting. I have always had a passion for writing, but taking this class exposed just how weak my writing and literary skills were. Consequently, I have polished these skills through several exercises that we have handled in class. For instance, through reading and summary exercise, I have managed to develop objectivity and accuracy regarding someone else’s work. As such, I have learnt to identify and concentrate on the main points when doing a summary. The reading, â€Å"Working at McDonalds,† for example, allowed me to develop and exercise these skills effectively thereby improving my writing abilities. Moreover, this class has taught me how recognize other people’s opinions presented in the literature, and thus, create my independent opinion either supporting or opposing another author’s ideas. As such, I have learned to construct a sound and coherent argument. Constructing a

Writing MEMO Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing MEMO - Assignment Example I had also kept site and server licensing up to date, as well as firmed up user access and security. As a result of my efforts, the unit I served experienced no major system failures during the year, and minor complaints or requests for assistance had been resolved within the same working day as they had been filed. My present strengths include technical proficiency and an in-depth knowledge of IT systems, which have served to improve my unit’s response times to 97% from a previous 84%. Aside from this, I have developed an excellent working relationship with my team and co-workers because of a genuine liking for people and an ease of getting along with others even in critical situations. Furthermore, I welcome challenges at work, which provide me an opportunity to grow and improve in those areas I my find myself lacking. While my technical competence and people skills have served me well in the past, I believe that there is room for growth in areas closely associated with my systems development function, such as matters concerning business applications – that is, logistics and materials inventory, financial management and control, strategic goals setting, human resources development, and so forth. In developing a comprehensive IT system, I feel that a deeper understanding of these fields will enhance the responsiveness of the systems I could develop and network for an improved information delivery system for the company. My immediate plan is to complete the advanced technical IT course I am currently undertaking, which shall be accomplished in the next two months, and thereafter to enroll in a Masters in Business Administration program to complement my present bachelor’s degree in MIS. In the course of discharging my duties as systems analyst, I have seen the need for a multifaceted approach to IT systems

Conan Doyle creates mystery Essay Example for Free

Conan Doyle creates mystery Essay Conan Doyle creates mystery and suspense in a variety of ways. The setting and atmosphere formed in a mystery story are vital and often one of the most effective ingredients. The desired effect, which in the case of these short stories is mystery and suspense, depend largely upon the setting and atmosphere. The major events that take place in The Speckled Band occur at the home of Dr Roylott in Stoke Moran. Watson describes the two uninhabited sections as a picture of ruin. The description of the two thirds of the house that are in ruin, raises questions in the readers mind as to what is occurring in the two areas of the house which are uninhabited. When the shape of the building is compared to the claws of a crab, it creates a perturbing simile for the reader. The reader may ask the question, Are Holmes and Watson about to be trapped within the claws? The major events that occur in The Speckled Band take place during the night. This creates an overwrought atmosphere as the night is thought to heighten emotions. During the night it is harder to see, and many perceive this as potentially dangerous. The fact that Stoke Moran is in a remote and secluded location, separate from the village, also indicates that no one could hear a murder or be able to help the victim. Therefore this is a perfect setting for a murder. The setting that is created also generates many decoys that could possibly throw the reader completely off the scent. The first being the gypsies. Roylott allows them access to his fields and therefore there are nearly always some there. In Victorian times you were thought badly of if you consorted with gypsies as they were thought to be social outcasts and were often feared by people due to curses and the magic they supposedly practiced. Not only do the gypsies provide a decoy and a slight edge to the story, they also create an unusual setting. The final element that dramatically adds to the setting, and that creates suspense in the atmosphere, is the wild animals that Dr Roylott allows to roam free. He has a cheetah and a baboon, which are feared by the villagers almost as much as their master. Personally I feel that Roylotts pets almost represent his character. The atmosphere around Stoke Moran must be one of tension and fear, and this is clearly illustrated through the setting that Doyle devises. The atmosphere and setting is also greatly influenced by the weather. On the eve of Julia Stoners death,It was a wild night. The wind was howling outside, and the rain was beating and splashing against the windows. Here Conan Doyle uses the technique pathetic fallacy as the weather mirrors the terrible events that are about to occur. Suddenly, amid all the hubbub of the gale, there burst forth the wild scream of a terrified woman. The use of literary techniques such as these adds to the foundations of the story and makes it a great deal more exciting. Personally I like the way suspense is created throughout this story. I thought this example was one of the most exciting parts. Conan Doyle uses detail to build up tension when Watson and Holmes must make their second visit to Stoke Moran in the dead of night. The atmosphere, while Watson and Holmes make their secret entrance, is on edge. There is a chill wind which gives the effect that it is eerie and ghostly, the pair are almost waiting for something to happen, when they see what appears to be a hideous and distorted child. Although it is only the baboon, it creates a heightened sense of suspense. When they realises the cause of their panic they find it humorous, and tension drops slightly as the foremost event has not yet occurred. Even though they are laughing, they are both still concerned about the cheetah roaming the grounds and the fact that they have to be totally soundless.

Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe and the Virtues of Protestantism Essay

Robinson Crusoe and the Virtues of Protestantism Many people have pointed out that Robinson Crusoe's experiences on the island seem to be a reflection of the growth of civilization and society. Considering the prominent role that religion plays in the novel, it would be worthwhile to examine the progression of religious and political thought in Crusoe's "society." Through the experiences of one man, we can observe the progression of religion from the private realm to the public realm, the conflicts inherent in such a progression, and the resolution to these conflicts. This evolution of religious and political thought affirms two ideas: 1) in the personal realm, it affirms religious individualism--the idea that one can and should find his God independently from any human authority or intermediary (i.e. priests); and 2) in the public realm, the novel affirms that religious toleration, especially on the part of those in power, is the appropriate way to resolve those conflicts that are inherent in the transition of religion from the pr ivate to the public. Crusoe discovers (primarily through trial and error and constant introspection) both of these ideas and eventually succeeds in implementing both of them. He "finds God" without the guidance of anyone, and he ultimately becomes a tolerant ruler of the island with respect to religion. Surprisingly, Crusoe never lives up to his personal definition of a "good Christian." But perhaps this is just a touch or realism by Defoe, since Crusoe is otherwise so successful at recognizing religious individualism and instituting religious toleration on the island, both of which are very important to Defoe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first step in the religious progression of Crusoe is his personal di... ...bsolute morality of Christianity, primarily with regard to cannibals and others whom God had apparently chosen to be left in the dark (this question pops up multiple times--142, 151, 168). For in these "questioning" scenes, Crusoe does not exempt Protestantism from critique; he is questioning Christianity in general, and whether or not its hold on truth is real or illusory. It seems to me that Defoe was concerned with religious toleration for more than selfish reasons; he saw religious toleration as a moral responsibility of all Christians, including Catholics and Protestants, and as the only resolution to the conflict between the personal and public realms of religion. So Robinson Crusoe turns out to be just as concerned about toleration in general as it is about the virtues of Protestantism. At least in Robinson Crusoe, Defoe turned out to be fairly open-minded.

Compare the differences between a Sole Trader, a Partnership and a Limited Company Essay

Introduction In the following essay, I will compare the differences between a Sole Trader, a Partnership and a Limited Company when preparing final accounts also included in the essay will be the concepts and conventions used when preparing final accounts. I shall also outline the regulatory standards within the Accounting Profession. I shall start by giving an explanation of how the accounting system functions. How does the accounting system work? Business keep financial records for a number of practical reasons, which are: > To quantify such items as sales, expenses and profits > To present these figures in a meaningful way so the business can judge its success over the past year Below is a diagram of the Accounting System: (all things below will be explained later in the assignment) Diagram taken from Business Accounting Second Edition by David Cox. Prime Documents Business transactions generate documents, these documents go into the primary accounting records and from these records are placed throughout the accounting system. The following are prime documents: > Invoice – when a business purchases goods the company or individual the goods where purchased from sends the business an invoice which outlines the amount that is owing, when this amount is to be paid by and details of the goods or services that have been provided. This is also the same case when the business receives an order for a good or service. > Credit Note – if a buyer returns a good that has been bought on credit, a credit note will be generated and sent to the buyer, the value of the credit not will be deducted from the buyers amount owing. On the credit note it outlines the money amount and the goods or services that have been given. > Banking Transactions – businesses use their bank accounts to pay in and withdraw money at regular intervals, from these bank transactions paying-in slips, cheques and BACS are frequently used. These are then entered into the primary accounting records. Primary Accounting Records The primary accounting records are used to log the prime documents from day to day. The following are primary accounting records: > Sales day book – this is a list of sales made and is recorded from the invoices issued > Purchases day book – this is a list of purchases made and is recorded from the invoices that have been received > Sales returns day book – this is a list of the goods that have be returned and is recorded from the credit notes that have been issued > Purchases returns day book – this is a list of the goods that have been returned and is recorded from the credit notes that have been received > Cash book – this is a record of the business bank account and the amount of cash that is held, this is recorded from receipts, paying-in slips, cheques and BACS documents > Petty cash book – this is a record of the small cash purchases that have been made by the business and is completed from the petty cash voucher. Small cash purchases being ones that are made with motes and coins > Journal – this is a record of non-regular transactions, which are not recorded in any other primary accounting record Double-Entry Accounts: The Ledger The foundation of the double-entry book-keeping system is the recording of the ledgers which are broken down into separate accounts. Double-entry book-keeping The double-entry book-keeping system involves the entry of a transaction twice. If operating a manual accounting system the book-keeper will be required to input the transaction twice whereas if the book-keeper is using a computer software package the package will automatically enter the transaction twice. Accounts The sources that are entered into the ledgers are taken from the primary accounting records. Each primary accounting record will be entered into its corresponding ledger. Division of the ledger The following list shows the different types of ledgers: > Sales ledger – this is where the personal accounts of the debtors are placed > Purchases ledger – this is where the personal accounts of the creditors are placed > Cash books – the cash book is the record of the bank account and the cash account, the petty cash book is for small cash purchases. Both these books are primary accounting records. > General (nominal) ledger – this is a record of all transactions and completes the double-entry system Trial Balance The trial balance is a method used within the Double-Entry book-keeping system to check for any error that may have occurred. The trial balance takes all the final balances from the ledgers and lists them down. If the credit and debt sides don’t match at the end, there has been an error within the entering of the transactions. The trial balance is also used as a source of information when the final accounts are being prepared. Final Accounts The final accounts of a business are made up of the profit statement and the balance sheet. Profit Statement The profit statement includes the trading and profit and loss account, if the business manufacturers goods it too will be included. What this statement does is calculates the profit that was made and is now due to the owners of the business after certain deductions have been made from the income: > The manufacturing account which shows the cost of producing a quantity of a finished good > The trading and profit and loss account which shows the profit/loss after the deduction of the cost of goods this gives you the gross profit then the expenses are deducted which gives the net profit The figures that are used for these calculations are taken form the double-entry system. Balance Sheet The double-entry system also contains the figures for the following: > Assets – these are items that the business owns, they fall into two categories Fixed assets – these are items that were bought for the business use such as buildings, vehicles etc Current assets – these are items used in the everyday running of the business such as stock, debtors etc > Liabilities – these are things that the business owes and there are two types of liabilities Current liabilities – things like creditors etc Long-term liabilities – things like long-term loans > Capital – this is money or assets that have been introduced by the owner(s) of the business and is a liability to the business because it owes it to the owner Note: all examples of final accounts for each type of business are shown at the end of the essay also shown is a trial balance The Final Accounts for a Sole Trader The sole trader accounts are the basis of all accounts Legal requirements of a Sole Trader By law a sole trader is not required to keep accounts and thus is not legally required to publish their accounts for viewing by the General Public, however they must keep all VAT receipts so that the Inland Revenue can take their tax from the business and the situation regarding VAT can be sorted. Final Accounts and the Trial Balance The final accounts of a company are produced annually, but can also be produced at anytime in order to inform shareholders and stakeholders of how the business is performing. When starting to prepare any final accounts the trial balance must be prepared by the book-keeper. All the figures that have been entered onto the trial balance will be used in the final accounts. The trading, profit and loss accounts are a part of the double-entry system, meaning that the records that are within these accounts have to be recorded somewhere else for the double-entry system to work. However the balance sheet is not an account it is simply a statement, which outlines the account balances reaming after the trading, profit and loss accounts have been completed. Trading Account The purpose of a trading business is to by a good at one price and sell it on for a profit. The profit that is gained is known as the gross profit. Instead of the gross profit being calculated on each item, the sales and purchases that have been recorded in the primary accounting records will be calculated together. This also includes things like purchase returns and sales returns. When the end of the financial year comes around, the trading account is drawn up this includes: > The total sales > Minus purchases > Plus purchase returns > Minus sales returns > Also included is the opening stock and the closing stock Notes on trading account > Sales and purchases – these are only the items that the business trades > Adjustments – these are the adjustments that have happened in relation to the stock, the opening stock, which is calculated at the start of the year, this is added to the purchases because it has been sold during the year. The closing stock on the other hand will be deducted form the purchases because it has still yet to be sold. The closing stock will then become the opening stock for the next financial year > Cost of sales – this is the cost to the business of the goods that have been sold. To calculate the cost of sales you do the following: * Opening stock * + Purchases * + Carriage in * – Purchases returns * – Closing stock * = Cost of sales > Gross profit – to calculate gross profit you do as follows: * Sales * – Sales returns * = Net sales * – Cost of goods sold * = Gross profit If the cost of sales is more than the net sales then the business has made a Gross Loss > Carriage in – is the expense that the business incurs due to having the purchases delivered. The carriage in is added to the purchases > Net sales – the net sales is the turnover and is calculated by doing the following: * Sales * – Sales returns * = Net sales > Net purchases – to calculate the net purchases you do the following: * Purchases * + Carriage in * – Purchases returns * = Net purchases Profit and Loss Account In the profit and loss account the running expenses of the company are listed these are then taken away from the gross profit to give the net profit. The net profit then shows how profitable the business has been that particular year. Balance Sheet A balance sheet is used to show the financial state of the business at any one time. It lists the assets and liabilities of the business at a particular time. The balance sheet however is not a part of the double-entry system. Notes on balance sheet > Assets – an asset is an item or an amount that is owned by the business. There two types of assets fixed and current. Fixed assets are material assets such as premises or vehicles. Current assets are short-term assets, which change in value every day. > Liabilities – a liability is an item or amount owned by the business. There are tow types of liabilities current and long-term. Current liabilities are ones that are due to be repaid within 12 months or less. A long-term liability is a something like a loan that can be paid later than 12 months. > Capital and working capital – capital is money that is owed to the owner by the business. Working capital is the capital left after the current liabilities have been subtracted from the current assets. If the business does not have any working capital the business will not be able to continue to operate. Significance of the balance sheet The balance sheet shows how the business has been financed. For he sole trader the balance sheet can be shown as a formula, which is: > Fixed assets > + Working capital > – Long-term liabilities > = NET assets The final Accounts for a Partnership Accounts Definition of a Partnership The Partnership Act of 1890 defines a partnership as: The relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit Accounting requirements of a partnership The accounting requirements of a partnership are as follows: > To follow the rules that have been set out in the Partnership Act of 1890 > Or they could agree upon a partnership agreement, to follow different accounting rules. This will be explained in further detail later on in the essay If the partners cannot agree upon terms then the Partnership Act 1890 will apply it stats the following accounting rules: > Any profits or losses are to be shared between the partners equally > No partner is eligible to a salary > Partners are not entitled to receive any interest on their capital > Interest is not to be charged on drawings made by the partners > If any partner contributes more capital than has been agreed, they are entitled to receive interest at 5% per annum on the extra amount This only applies if the partners fail to agree on an agreement of their own. Year end accounts of a Partnership A partnership prepares that same end of year accounts as the sole trader, this being: > A trading and profit and loss account > And a balance sheet The difference between the end of year accounts for a sole trader and a partnership is that after the profit and loss account the partnership must prepare an appropriation account. This serves to show how the net profit that the profit and loss account shows is divided amongst the partners. Partnership Agreement A partnership agreement is drawn up by the partners and is a deviation form the accounting rules set out by the Partnership Act 1890. All partners must agree to the agreement before being allowed to go ahead. The partnership agreement will normally follow the following areas: > The division of profits and losses between the partners > Any partners salaries/commission > If interest is allowed on capital and at what rate > If interest is to be charged on partners drawings and at what rate The division of profits and losses between the partners The partnership act 1890 states that no matter how much someone has contributed to the business in the form of capital, they will only receive the same share of the profits as a person who has contributed less. This is why many partnership agreements state that if someone contributes more capital they get more of the profit. Partners salaries/commission The partnership act 1890 states that no partner is to receive a salary. This however is not normally the case within partnership agreements, many partnership agreements set out that those partners who work more within the business deserve a salary due to the time they are committing to the business. Similarly a partnership agreement may have within it a commission payment with sales that a partner may make once again this is due to the contribution this partner is making. Interest allowed on capital The partnership act 1890 states that no interest on capital is to be paid unless a partner contributes more than agreed then they are allowed 5% on the extra capital. Within many partnership agreements there is a clause that allows interest to be given on capital this is a form of compensation to the partner because they can use this interest money to invest in other things. The interest on capital may also be used as a form of compensating the differences that may appear between the capitals that are contributed. Interest charged on partners drawings In the partnership act 1890 it states that no interest is to be charged on the drawings made by a partner this leads to problems because the partner may withdraw valuable funds when they are most required, so many partnership agreements outline that a charge is to be set on the withdrawal of capital, this then deters the partner from withdrawing due to the penalty they will incur. Other points > Interest on loans – if a partner makes a loan to the partnership then as set down in the partnership act 1890 they will receive interest of 5%, this is why many partnership agreements agree on a different rate of interest > Interest on current accounts – a partnership agreement may outline the interest that is to be allowed on the balance of a partner’s current account this will be paid to the partner if they are still credited and taken away if they are debited. Capital accounts and Current accounts An important difference between the final accounts of a sole trader and that of a partnership is that each partner of a partnership has a capital account and a current account. The capital account is usually fixed and only changes if an alteration in the amount of capital is exhibited. The current account is constantly changing and is the account that the following are placed: > Share of any profit is credited > Share of any loss is debited > Salary/commissions if there are any are credited > Any interest on partners capital is credited > Any drawings are debited > Any interest on charged on partners drawings is debited The current account is treated as a working account. Appropriation of Profits The appropriation account shows how the net profit has been divided amongst the partners, before the net profit can be divided the following things must be taken or added to the net profit before the final share of profits can be disturbed: > Any interest added on partners drawings > Salaries/Commissions to be taken away > Any interest on partners capital to be subtracted After these have been taken or added the final share of profits will remain, this then can be distributed between the partners at the correct percentage for each. Balance Sheet When a partnership is completing its balance sheet at the end of the year the end balances on each partner’s capital and current accounts must be shown. It is usual that the transactions that have taken place on each account be shown in a summary form, just as in a sole traders balance sheet they will take the drawings away from the net profit for that year. The other features of a balance sheet are the same as a sole traders balance sheet. The Final Accounts for a Limited Company Accounts Advantages of forming a Limited Company A limited company is owned by the shareholders and run by the directors, it is a separate legal entity. A limited company is often chosen as the legal status of a business because of the following reasons: > Limited liability > Separate legal entity > Ability to raise finance > Membership > Any other factors Limited liability If a company where to go into solvency with limited liability the shareholders would only lose the capital they have invested. This means the shareholder is covered for any losses of the company and will not be liable to repay the creditors. Separate legal entity The company is a separate legal entity form the shareholders, if someone where to take action against the company they do so against the company and not against the individual shareholders. Ability to raise finance A limited company can raise funds from the follow outside sources: > For a PLC – this capital is generate from the general public buyer shares which are traded on the Stock Market > For a LTD – this capital is generated from Venture Capital companies and friends and family who can purchase shares Membership To be a member of a limited company you are required to own at least one share of that company, there is a minimum number of members which is two and no upper limit. If you are a member of a company you are the same as a shareholder. Other factors As a limited company is normally larger than that of a sole trader or partnership it benefits from economies of scale and makes it of sufficient size to employ such specialists as production, marketing, finance which work in their respective functions. The Companies Act The Limited Companies Act 1985, which was amended in 1989 states that there are two types of limited companies. The large Public companies or PLC’s and the smaller Private companies or LTD’s there is also another type of limited company which is called the limited by guarantee. Public limited company (PLC) A company can become a public limited company if it has the following: > The issued share capital is over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 > There are at least two members and at least two directors A public company does not have to sell stocks and shares on the Stock Exchange but this is normally where most of the capital is raised. Private limited company (LTD) The most common limited company is the private limited company or LTD, the term private company was not set out in the Companies Act 1985, but is the most traditional way of describing a LTD. A private limited company has the following: > There are no minimum requirements for issued share capital > There needs to be at least two members and at least one director The shares are not traded on the stock market, but can be traded between individuals although with the shares not being traded on the stock exchange the price at which these shares will be traded may fluctuate. Company limited by guarantee The limited by guarantee company does not rely on the purchase of shares, but relies on members agreeing to pay a stated amount if the company goes bankrupt. Governing Documents of Companies When a limited company is being set up the Companies Act requires the two following documents: > Memorandum of Association > Articles of Association The Memorandum of Association is the constitution of a company, it outlines how the business is to relate to the outside world. It will contain the following five clauses: 1) The name of the company along with the public or private limited part 2) The authorised share capital 3) The objects of the company which is the activities that the company can engage in 4) The registered company of the company 5) A statement that the liability of the members is limited The Articles of Association this regulates the internal administration of the company, it also includes powers of directors and the holding of company meetings. Accounting requirements of the Companies Act The Companies Act 1985 which was amended in 1989, requires the production of accounts for a limited company it also sets out the detailed information that must be disclosed. For a large company the accounts are audited by an external auditor, this is not often the case with a small or medium sized company due to them being exempt. After the end of the financial year the accounts must be completed within nine-months and sent to the Companies House where they are available for the viewing of the public. A copy of the accounts must be available to all shareholders this is paired with a report on the companies activities during the year. Types of shares by Limited Companies In the Memorandum of Association the authorised share capital is stated. The issued shared capital may not be the same as the authorised share capital, the issued share capital under law is not allowed to exceed the authorised share capital. If a company wishes to extend the amount of share capital that it is allowed to issue it must pass an appropriate resolution at a general meeting of the shareholders. The authorised and shared issue capital is divided into different types of shares which are: > Ordinary shares > Preference shares With these shares come voting rights to the holder which can give the right to the holder to have their say at the annual general meeting. Ordinary shares An ordinary share is the most commonly issued share and carry’s with it the main ‘risks and rewards’ that come with the success of the business. If the business makes a profit the holder of the share will receive a dividend, these share are paid after preference shares dividends. Also of the company records a loss the share holders will loss part or all of their investment. Many companies when they have made a profit don’t pay out all the profit, many keep a percentage as a reserve. This reserve money can be used the next year as a dividend if the company does not make a sufficient profit, this serves to keep the investor interested and thinking they are getting a return on their shares. When a business goes into solvency the ordinary share holders receive any payments last. Preference shares A preference share normally carry’s a fixed rate of dividends. The dividends of the preference shares are paid out before the dividends of an ordinary share, although the dividends are only paid if the company makes a profit. If the company goes into solvency the preference share will receive a part of their payment before the ordinary shares. Nominal and market values of shares The nominal value of a share is the face value of the share, shares can be issued for any amount. This nominal value is not normally the same as the market value of the share due to it being traded at different prices constantly. Issue price This is the price the shares are issued to the shareholders by the company. The issue price is either at a par with the nominal value or above the nominal value. When the issue of the issue price is above the nominal value it is known as a share premium. Loans and Debentures As well as selling shares to raise capital the business may also be required to take a loan or debenture which can be obtained from the shareholders. With these two methods of raising capital usually comes a fixed rate of interest on the amount. This interest is considered a business expense so is placed in the profit and loss account with all the other expenses. If the company goes into insolvency the loan/debenture will be paid off before any shareholders are paid. Trading and Profit and Loss Account When most limited companies are creating their financial statements they are normally the same as that of a sole trader and a partnership. However there are two expenses that are found in a limited companies profit and loss account but not in any other type of business, these are: > Directors remuneration (directors salary) – this is entered because the directors are employed by the company and thus are an expense to the company > Debenture interest – this is entered into the companies profit and loss account because it is an expense to the company The limited company completes it profit and loss account and finds out the Net profit, an appropriation account is then drawn up below this. Balance Sheet The balance sheet of limited companies are for the most part the same as all other companies balance sheet apart from the odd difference in the things that go into the current assets, fixed assets and liabilities. The difference is that the capital section of the balance sheet is rather complex due to the different shares that are issued and the various reserves. Reserves A limited company will very rarely disburse all its profits between its shareholders, it will instead keep back a certain amount as a reserve. There are two types of reserve: > Capital reserves – which are created because not all the capital that has been taken was used for trading > Revenue reserves – these are the retained profits from the profit and loss account Capital reserves Examples of capital reserves which cannot be used to fund dividends payments include: > Revaluation reserve – this takes place when a fixed asset is revalued in the balance sheet, this revaluation is then placed in a revaluation reserve, it then serves to increase the shareholders investment in the company > Share premium account – a company may wish to issue extra shares to be available to the general public at a price over that of the nominal price. The nominal value of the shares is input into the share capital account and the extra money on top of the shares laced into the share premium account. Revenue reserves This is very often left as the balance of the appropriation account of the profit and loss account, it is most commonly known as the profit and loss account balance. On the other hand they may choose to put this revenue into a separate account of its own. This transfer to and from these accounts will in recorded in the appropriation account. The regulatory framework of accounting When talking about the regulatory framework of accounting you are simply talking about the rules that are to be followed when preparing final accounts. There are two forms these rules take the form of these are: > Accounting concepts > Accounting standards Accounting concepts Below are the basic accounting concepts that are to be followed when preparing final accounts: > Business entity > Money measurement > Historical cost > Duality > Materiality > Going concern > Accruals > Consistency > Prudence Business entity concept This concept outlines that the final accounts and records of a business are that of the business and that no personal assets of the owner’s are included within these records. The main links that are disclosed between the business and the owner(s) is the capital accounts and drawings. Money measurement concept This concept means that all items that are within the final accounts are expressed as money, this means all the values can be added together to come up with the net profit, gross profit and so on. The problem with this is that things that cannot be recorded as money such as good management will not be valued and all companies will be seen to be managed the same way, only in time will the good management become apparent. Historical cost concept This is an extension of the money measurement concept, it basically means that a transaction should be recorded at the value it was historically recorded or initially recorded, so if a vehicle cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 at purchase it should be entered for that amount. This concept brings with it advantages which are as follows: > Verifiable – there is a prime document that confirms that this transaction has occurred > Objective – there are no new valuations of the vehicle which will make it easier to price when it comes to sale This concept also brings with it disadvantages which are as follows: > The change of value – all items change in value over time and this wont be recorded the value may have went up or down > The effects of inflation Duality concept This concept ensures that all transactions are entered into the double-entry system twice one on the credit side and one on the debit side. Materiality concept This concept sets out that some items within accounts are so low in monetary value there would be no point in recording them separately. Some examples of these types of items are listed below: > The likes of donations to charities, the purchasing of plants for the office and other small expenses such as these are seen not to justify their own expense account, so they are grouped together in a sundry expenses account > The end of year stocks of stationary such as paper for printers, paper clips, pens etc are not seen to be material due to the fact they don’t affect the business earnings however they are placed within the profit and loss account > The low cost fixed expenses such as bins, staplers etc are not classed as capital expenditure, they are instead classified as expenses within the profit and loss account. Technically they should be placed within the fixed assets account of the balance sheet and be depreciated every year of their life span, but it would not be worth the effort due to them being immaterial in that they wouldn’t cause any real affect to final figures. What a business will consider material depends really on the size of the particular business, the likes of a large business would find anything under à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 immaterial and not worth putting into their own account whereas a small company would consider these items material and have them in their own account. Going concern concept This concept is presuming that the business to which the final accounts relate will continue to trade for the foreseeable future. The final accounts are prepared on the basis that the business has no intention of significantly down sizing or liquidating its assets. If the business was going to down size and where to sell a purpose built factory this factory would be a going concern to the business but would be of limited use to other industries for this reason the building would command less value. This instead of being described as a going concern would instead be described as a gone concern. In a gone concern extra depreciation would be added to the profit and loss account to account for the reduction in fixed assets. Accruals concept This concept is concerned with the expenses and revenues being matched so that they will concern the same goods/services and the same time period. In the profit and loss account expenses should always be entered whether they have been paid for or not. This is where the principle of income and expenditure accounting came from. Below are further examples of the accruals concept: > Debtors > Creditors > Depreciation > Bad debts > Provision for bad debts > Opening and closing stock adjustments in profit and loss account Consistency concept This concept is concerned that when a company adopts a particular method for accounting they should continue to use that method in a constant fashion. When a business has adopted a particular practice for accounts they may at times wish to make some changes, this is acceptable as long as there is a good reason for it, this change is to be noted on the final accounts to explain what has happened. With the consistency of the accounts the business can make comparisons between different years. Prudence concept This concept is also known as the conservatism in accounting. This concept requires where there is any doubt as to the value of an item report a conservative figure to be entered within the final accounts. Although this does not mean that profits are to be anticipated and should only be recognised if there is a distinct possibility they will be realised, as well as this all known liabilities should be provided for. A good example of this process is the provision for bad debts this is so any debt that maybe written off may be accounted for. The theory behind this concept is that it prevents the business from being to over optimistic with its presentation of final accounts. All of the above concepts apply to the final accounts of a sole trader, a partnership and a limited company. With relation to the limited companies the Companies Act 1985 gives legal force to the following concepts: > Going concern > Accruals > Consistency > Prudence If the company does not apply these concepts will receive a qualified report from its auditors. Accounting Standards The framework for accounting is represented by the Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAP) and Financial Reporting Standards (FRS). The Statements of Standard Accounting Practice are no longer issued, but they still come under the control of the Accounting Standards Board. The Accounting Standards Board requires that accountants adhere to all applicable accounting standards and are able to disclose and explain deviations from the standards that may occur. To try and reduce the number of permissible accounting treatments, a number of Statements of Standard Accounting Practice have been replaced by Financial Reporting Standards. The main accounting standards are: > SSAP 5 Accounting for Value Added Tax > SSAP 9 Stocks and long-term contracts > FRS 15 Tangible fixed assets > FRS 18 Accounting policies SSAP 5 Accounting for Value Added Tax VAT is a tax on the supply of goods and services. Business with a turnover of over a certain figure will be registered for VAT. At regular intervals the business that are registered will pay VAT Authorities such as HM Customs and Excise on the following: > The amount of output tax collected on sales made > Less the amount of input tax on goods and services purchased The business can claim a refund from the HM Customs and Excise department if the input tax is greater than the output tax. This claim will be made on the difference. A business that is VAT-registered does not normally include the VAT in the income and expenditure of the business – whether for capital or revenue reasons. There are goods and services that are exempt from VAT these are things such as the loaning of money and letting of land, VAT cannot be charged by the charge so no output tax is received, they can only clam back an agreed proportion of the input tax that has been pre agreed with the VAT authorities. Irrecoverable VAT occurs when a business that has been registered cannot reclaim VAT on input tax, this means the VAT is entered into the accounts as an expense. A business that is not registered for VAT will include VAT within its input financial statements. SSAP 9 Stocks and long-term contracts This sets out the broad rule that stock should be valued at cost or, where lower, selling price. FRS 15 Tangible fixed assets This sets out that a fixed asset has a known economic life and must be depreciated, this doesn’t apply to land unless it is either a quarry or mine. As long as the depreciation method is acceptable it can be used to spread the cost of a fixed asset consistently over that fixed assets economic life. A depreciation amount is most of the time based on the cost of the fixed asset. FRS 18 Accounting policies This standard is to ensure that all material items have the following: > The particular circumstances of the business accounting policies are fit of the given purpose and give a true and fair view > The policies that have been selected by a company are regularly reviewed to ensure they are still appropriate, also when the circumstances change the policies are changed to > The information that is disclosed within the financial statements is of sufficient information to enable users to understand the accounting policies that have been adopted and how they have been implemented

Right to Education Act 2009

Right to Education Act 2009: Major Issues and Challenges By:sudarshana Rana India remained a major center for education of the world in the ancient and medieval period, during the British Raj. India’s traditional system of knowledge system was by and large destroyed and no other alternate system was created to fill this vacuum. Presently India has emerged as a leading nation in the world. On the other side there are continuous challenges to India. According to UNESCO data ‘largest number of illiterate people of the world are in India’.In the post- independence era, numbers of steps were initiated in this direction. The preamble of Indian constitution emphasized the need for equal opportunities for the entire population of the country irrespective of caste, creed or religion. The Constitution of India in A- 21 (A), 24 and 39 of the directive principles of state policy pledges its commitment towards the cause for upliftment of children. According to A-21(a) the stat e shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of age of 6 to 14 years as stated by law.The Background of the Right to education In the early 1990’s India initiated major economic reforms and intensified the process of globalization. India’s political and social life was also pressing through a phase which posed the danger of long accepted value. To enable the people to benefit in the new environment would require new designs of human resource development. For this purpose there was no other alternative except for educating the entire nation. The national policy of Education (NPE) was adopted by parliament in may 1986.The new policy lays special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalize educational opportunity by attending to those who have been denied equality so far . The National education system plays a positive interventionist role in the empowerment of women. The most important initiative in this direction was the sarv – shiksh abhiyan by which education had to reach each and every Indian . These all initiative failed to deliver the desired results . It is being realized that right based development of children must be the center of planning.The UPA government gave a top priority to universalization of education . In the common minimum- programme in 2004 , it pledged to rise public spending in education to at least 6% of the GDP with at least half this amount being spent on primary and secondary education. A national cooked nutritious mid- day meal scheme funded mainly by the central government , was introduced in primary and secondary schools. Government also universalized the integrated child development services (ICDS) scheme to provide a functional anganwadi in every settlement and ensured full coverage for all children.State level variations in literacy : The states like Kerala have done a wonderful work in this direction and such experience can be valuable guide map for the states where the literacy level is quite low. If the existing rate of literacy is allowed to continue then it will be quite difficult to achieve the target of â€Å"universalization of education even by 2015, a deadline which has been set up by UNESCO â€Å". Major challenges and issues 1. Finance has been a major problem in front of the government.What- ever the finances provided by the central government for education is not properly utilized by the various state governments. It has been found that funds for this purpose are systematically diverse by various state governments. 2. Excessive infiltration and migration from the neighboring countries pose a serious problem . The total number of migratory population in India is more than 50 million which is more than the total population of the countries , therefore such migrated population makes quite difficult the implementation of right to education act throughout the country. 3.Excessive poverty: The majority of population is living under extreme poverty conditions and hence, people do not prefer schools and go in search of jobs or self- employment professions. Therefore without removing poverty, the act cannot be implemented in the full spirit. 4. Lack of involvement of panchayati raj institutions and other social organizations ; it is important that various institutions and grass root level organization must be involved since these institution are directly linked with the common masses and success of the literacy programme is possible only through their involvement.In nutshell, it can be concluded that the Right to Education Act is a major revolutionary step in the history of post independent era. Private sector has also come to play role in the education –the need of the hour is to have strong public private partnership for the implementation of this act. Moreover, there is a strong need for regular monitoring of this act on a regular basis so that failures can be checked timely.

menonites essays

menonites essays Throughout a long journey and endless flight the Mennonites have suffered religious persecution almost wherever they were. In the story sailing to Danzig the author Rudy Wiebe describes the life of a man who is searching for his identity through historical books and the tales of his family members. The Mennonites religious movement was first started during the protestant reformation in the 1520s and was led by Menno Simons (Encarta). Originating in Switzerland it was not very long before they were prosecuted because they refused to sanction war or to enroll in the military, because of their peaceful beliefs (Encarta). They fled to numerous parts of the world such as the Rhinelands and the Netherlands, others to America (Pennsylvania), and still others to Eastern Europe. (Encarta) As a Mennonite the main character of Sailing to Danzig explores his past through books and memories to cement his beliefs. Genealogical history accentuated by religious persecution an isolationist living can help explain ones religious and family values. The Mennonites throughout their existence have had a tumultuous history. Because of their strong beliefs on various topics and their sect like behavior of seclusion the Mennonites as well as other religious groups such as the Hutterites and the Amish have had to flee to other countries to seek refuge and peace. The Mennonites were targeted since they were created for many different reasons but a few are common and persistent. The move away from the Roman Catholic church was one of the main reasons for their persecution. The Protestants under King Henry the VIII had a leader and were a large group, unlike the Anabaptists who were divided into small groups and therefore more easily preyed on. Their belief such as their position against infant baptism were strongly disliked th...

A strategic analysis of Proctor and Gamble

A strategic analysis of Proctor and Gamble The path that leads them to achieve their goals every company has to follow And objectives which could be achievable by research, reexamine, data analysis, planning and carrying out. And to do all these, a business concern has to implement certain tools to fig out the existing scheme or and to do all these, a business organization concern has to implement certain tools to fig out the existing scheme. This procedure known by strategic analysis, acts like a light house to the organizations. Proctor & Gamble is one of the pioneer names in the consumer commodity epoch. They have been reigning in this sector for last 173 old age with rely. This written report is produced to review their strategic position and this report is produced to reexamine their strategic position PURPOSE AND PREFACE: Understanding of the environment in which an organization is operating strategic analysis is a theoretically informed, Of the organizations interaction with its environment in order to ameliorate orga nizational efficiency together with an understanding and Effectiveness by increasing the organizations capacity to deploy and effectualness by increasing the organizations capacity to deploy. Strategically added value to the carrying out of a concrete scheme to gain sustainable competitive advantage by analyzing. This report is carry owed to applying appropriate tools of strategic analysis to appraise ‘Proctor & Gamble’s Industrial environment and fig out the competitive position and operational. Proctor & Gamble Of their wide ambit of consumer commodity an American company which is globally renowned because HISTORY OF â€Å"Proctor & Gamble† Nearly serving the human beings for about 173 old. 4 billion consumer’s in the globe today where about 135,000 people are working for them they are serving and P&G has their own organization system in 80 countries in globe. They acquired the biggest broadened manpower in the human beings where about 140 nationalities people are working for them PROCTOR AND GAMBLE – BACKGROUND In 1887 they came up wad Innovation of earnings sharing program and later 1940’s they started carrying outs of consumer relations department. And in 1980’s IN the consumer relations department carrying out of e mail and IN 2002 they Developing feminine aggrandizes â€Å"naturella’ and later 2005 they came up around the high globally frequence stores. METHODLOGY In various fashion strategic analysis differs. But the various ascribes that are commonly accepted are as follows. -To formulation of scheme relevant data identification that is related. -Internal environment and analyzing the external. In the analysis different methods that are applied. -To apply to analyze the organization are as follows different methods that’s going to be SWOT Analysis Ansoff matrix. Generic strategies Value chain The uses of these analytical strategic tools will be used later on to see the organization’ s trading operations and the applies of these analytical strategic tools will be used later on to see the organization’s operations Proctor and gamble – swot analysis: Swot analysis is the strategic tools to understand the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and menaces of an organization or dweeb analysis is the strategic tools to understand the strength, failings, chances and menaces of an organization. Swot analysis of proctor and gamble are as follows:

The Response of the Catholic Church to Nazi Anti-Semitism Term Paper

The Response of the Catholic Church to Nazi Anti-Semitism - Term Paper Example The Catholic Church offered no coordinated and widespread resistance to anti-Semitism, although many individuals either protested or acted clandestinely to save the lives of Jews. One might have hoped that, with the advent of the brutal anti-Semitism of the Nazi regime, the traditional anti-Jewish tradition in the Catholic Church would have been cast aside in favor of solicitude and concern for the persecuted. However, several historians have characterized anti-Semitism as a policy area in which National Socialism and the Catholic Church had considerable common ground. Generally, the response of the Church was inaction. At the highest level, the Pope failed to issue public condemnations of the atrocities being committed across the continent, of which he was made aware. However, it should be noted that, despite the failure of the Church as a coordinating institution to protest, many Catholic individuals protested actively and often heroically, and that privately, even the Pope tried to save some Jews from the death camps. While the widespread reluctance to act may have been partly motivated by a Christian tradition of anti-Semitism, the fear of reprisals agains t European Catholics was also a strong factor. In general terms, once Hitler had been established as Chancellor and had begun to consolidate his hold on the German government, the Catholic Church as an institution sought an understanding with the new regime, despite many of its less savory policies. In March 1933, in the course of a conference of bishops at Fulda, the Catholic Church in Germany abandoned its previously hostile stance towards the National Socialist movement, stating that ‘there was a reason to be confident’ that previous ‘prohibitions and warnings may no longer be necessary’ (Bracher, 479). At the same time, negotiations began for a concordat between the Church in Rome and the Nazi administration in Berlin.